What Is the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Definition and Overview

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion was developed in the 1920s by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard as a response to the James-Lange theory of emotion. According to Cannon, a brain region known as the thalamus is responsible for responding to potentially emotional events. Key Takeaways: Cannon-Bard Theory The Cannon-Bard theory is a theory of emotions that challenged the influential James-Lange theory.According to Cannon, the brain’s thalamus is crucial for our emotions.Cannon’s research has been influential, although more recent research has led to a more precise understanding of which brain regions are involved in emotions. Historical Background In the early 1900s, an influential—yet controversial—theory of emotions was the James-Lange theory, put forward by William James  and Carl Lange. According to this theory, our emotions consist of physical changes in the body. (For an example, think of the feelings you might get when you’re nervous, such as your heart beating faster and feeling â€Å"butterflies† in your stomach—according to James, our emotional experiences consist of physiological sensations such as these.) Although this theory was incredibly influential, many researchers doubted some of the claims made by James and Lange. Among those who questioned the James-Lange theory was Walter Cannon, a professor at Harvard. Key Research In 1927, Cannon published a landmark paper critiquing the James-Lange theory and suggesting an alternate approach to understanding emotions. According to Cannon, scientific evidence suggested that there were several problems with the James-Lange theory: The James-Lange theory would predict that each emotion involves a slightly different set of physiological responses. However, Cannon noted that different emotions (e.g. fear and anger) can produce very similar physiological states, yet it’s relatively easy for us to tell the difference between these emotions.Cannon noted that many factors affect our physiological states but don’t produce an emotional response. For example, fever, low blood sugar, or being outside in cold weather can produce some of the same bodily changes as emotions (such as having a faster heart rate). However, these types of scenarios don’t typically produce strong emotions. If our physiological systems can be activated without feeling an emotion, Cannon suggested, then something else besides just physiological activation should occur when we feel an emotion.Our emotional responses can occur relatively rapidly (even within a second of perceiving something emotional). However, bodily changes ty pically occur much more slowly than this. Because bodily changes seem to occur more slowly than our emotions do, Cannon suggested that bodily changes couldn’t be the source of our emotional experience. Cannon’s Approach to Emotions According to Cannon, emotional responses and physiological changes in the body occur in response to emotional stimuli—but the two are separate processes. In his research, Cannon sought to identify which part of the brain was responsible for emotional responses, and he concluded that one region in the brain was especially involved in our emotional responses: the thalamus. The thalamus is a region of the brain that has connections to both the peripheral nervous system (the parts of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord) and cerebral cortex (which is involved in the processing of information). Cannon reviewed studies (including both research with laboratory animals, as well as human patients who had suffered brain damage) suggesting that the thalamus was crucial for experiencing emotions. In Cannon’s view, the thalamus was the part of the brain responsible for emotions, while the cortex was the part of the brain that sometimes suppressed or inhibited emotional responses. According to Cannon, patterns of activity in the thalamus â€Å"contribute glow and color to otherwise simply cognitive states.† Example Imagine you’re watching a scary movie, and you see a monster jump towards the camera. According to Cannon, this information (seeing and hearing the monster) would be transmitted to the thalamus. The thalamus would then produce both an emotional response (feeling afraid) and a physiological response (racing heartbeat and sweating, for example). Now imagine you’re trying not to let on that you’ve been scared. You might, for example, try to suppress your emotional reaction by telling yourself that it’s just a movie and the monster is merely a product of special effects. In this case, Cannon would say that your cerebral cortex was responsible for trying to suppress the emotional reaction of the thalamus. Cannon-Bard Theory vs. Other Theories of Emotion Another major theory of emotions is the Schachter-Singer theory, which was developed in the 1960s. The Schachter-Singer theory also sought to explain how different emotions can have the same set of physiological responses. However, the Schachter-Singer theory primarily focused on how people interpret the environment around them, rather than focusing on the role of the thalamus. Newer research on the neurobiology of emotion also allows us to evaluate Cannon’s claim about the role of the thalamus in emotions. While the limbic system (of which the thalamus is one part) is generally considered a key brain region for emotions, more recent research studies have found that emotions involve much more complicated patterns of brain activity than Cannon initially suggested. Sources and Additional Reading Brown, Theodore M., and Elizabeth Fee. â€Å"Walter Bradford Cannon: Pioneer Physiologist of Human Emotions.†Ã‚  American Journal of Public Health, vol. 92, no. 10, 2002, pp. 1594-1595. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447286/Cannon, Walter B. The James-Lange Theory of Emotions: A Critical Examination and an Alternative Theory.  The American Journal of Psychology, vol. 39, no. 1/4, 1927, pp. 106-124. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1415404Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Understanding the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion.†Ã‚  Verywell Mind  (2018, Nov. 1).  Keltner, Dacher, Keith Oatley, and Jennifer M. Jenkins.  Understanding Emotions. 3rd  ed., Wiley, 2013.  https://books.google.com/books/about/Understanding_Emotions_3rd_Edition.html?idoS8cAAAAQBAJVandergriendt, Carly. â€Å"What Is the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion?†Ã‚  Healthline  (2017, Dec. 12).  https://www.healthline.com/health/cannon-bard

Analysis Of The Book The Hobbit - 1136 Words

In the great modern classic, The Hobbit, Bilbo Baggins, Wizard Gandalf, and a company of rambunctious dwarves go on an extraordinary adventure. On this unexpected journey, they have launched a plot to raid the treasure hoard guarded by Smaug. The novel’s central conflict has to deal with Bilbo struggle with his adventurous, brave inner-self. 2. The leading character in the novel is Bilbo Baggins; the protagonist risks his status in his community. The Baggins are considered by the people of Bag end â€Å"very respectable, not only because most of them were rich, but also because they never had any adventures or did anything unsuspected†¦ (pg.3).† But, Bilbo wants to go on an adventure and be brave and especially do right by the dwarves.†¦show more content†¦The reader watches as Bilbo becomes the hero. Later on in chapter 12, Mr. Baggins is forced to enter the mountain, and with the help of his invisibility ring he is able to slip into the cave and steal a cup. I believe that particular event is important because this is the first thing Bilbo has really stolen. This chapter is where he succeeds and reaches his goal. He vowed to help Thorin and company retrieve their stolen treasure and he did. 5. The action begins to rise on page 28 when Bilbo decides to join the men on their conquest. The climax of the novel occurs in chapter 8, flies and spiders when Bilbo becomes his own hero by killing a spider. The protagonist’s inner conflict is resolved when he returns home and no longer cares about his stature in his community. When he is comfortable being Bilbo, the adventurer. 6. In the novel, The Hobbit, the author J.R.R. Tolkien tells the story in third person. 7. Mr. Tolkien stuck close to the character of Bilbo. by using this style of writing the narrator achieves a anonymous, mysterious atmosphere. 8. The narrator is telling this story in order to inform someone, and does not have anything to lose by sharing the story. 11. The main character or protagonist of the story’s name is Bilbo Baggins. He lives in a hole

Dividend Policy and Share Prices Free Essays

string(112) " first week and hence the acceptance of the null hypotheses will be consistent with the semi strong efficiency\." Introduction In this paper the impact of dividend policy of the companies on the firm’s share prices is analysed and different views in the context of the semi-strong form of the efficient market hypothesis are contrasted. The overview of the traditional and most recent empirical investigations of the stock market reaction to the dividend announcements is provided and different findings are discussed and compared. Three companies have been selected from the FTSE All share price index. We will write a custom essay sample on Dividend Policy and Share Prices or any similar topic only for you Order Now These companies are Tesco, Burberry and Vodafone. These firms belong to different sectors of the economy. Tesco is the largest retailer in the UK, Burberry is a fashion firm and Vodafone is the telecommunication services company. The dividends and accounts have been retrieved from annual reports of the companies (Tesco, 2011; Burberry, 2011; Vodafone, 2011). The share prices were sourced from Yahoo Finance (2012). The copies of the company accounts are provided in the appendices. Dividend Policies of Companies These three companies were chosen for the following reasons. Firstly, it was intended to choose large companies that have an established dividend policy and revenue of more than ? billion a year. Secondly, the companies from different industries had to be analysed. Thirdly, both services sector and goods sector were intended to be analysed. Finally, it was interesting to compare both pro-cyclical firms (e. g. Burberry) and counter-cyclical firms (e. g. Vodafone). The former are very sensitive to the effects of the economic recession whereas the latter are less sensitive because con sumers would still have to use mobile phones and services regardless of their financial position. The dividend payout ratio has been calculated for these companies for the period from 2007 to 2011. The following formula was used: Dividend payout ratio = dividends per share / earnings per share The results are summarised in the following figure. Figure 1 Dividend Payout Ratios Source: Annual Reports of Tesco (2011), Burberry (2011) and Vodafone (2011) The payout ratios indicate different dividend policies adopted by the three companies. Tesco’s policy is aimed at maintaining a constant dividend payout ratio, which is very common for mature industries such as retailing. In these industries the majority of the large companies are â€Å"cash cows† for the investors and therefore the dividend policy tends to show constant payout ratios, which inspires trust in the company and expectation of future stability. In contrast, the dividend policies of Vodafone and Burberry are not aimed at a constant payout ratio. In fact, as the following figure demonstrates, the policies of Vodafone and Burberry are aimed at dividend growth. Figure 2 Final Dividends Source: Annual Reports of Tesco (2011), Burberry (2011) and Vodafone (2011) However, whereas Vodafone demonstrates a â€Å"steady dividend growth strategy†, Burberry demonstrates the a strategy that does not show a specific pattern but can be interpreted as a signal to the market because in 2009 the company announced the dividends that were equal to the dividends announced in the previous year in spite of the accounting losses suffered by the firm which were reflected in negative earnings per share (Appendix C). This move can be interpreted as a sign that the management attempted to signal the market that the losses are temporary and the company was expected to recover quickly. It is interesting to note that the latter policy is inconsistent with the position that dividends should be paid out of earnings rather than accumulated capital or reserves. Furthermore, the companies could undertake an alternative dividend policy which would imply linking the dividend payout to the investment opportunities that could be managed by firms (Brealey and Myers, 2003). If the company has many projects that offer positive net present value, then it would be recommended that dividends could be retained and reinvested in the firm. Only residual earnings, which are left after investments in all positive NPV projects could be distributed as dividends (Bodie et al, 2009). Dividend Announcements and Share Prices Dividend announcements and their impact on share prices can be explained by the semi strong form of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH). Efficient market hypothesis implies that the only thing that may impact the stock prices is new information, since all other possibly influencing parameters are already included in the firm’s stock price (Palan, 2004). The efficient market hypothesis may be divided into three forms: the weak form, the semi-strong form, and the strong form. The weak form implies that share prices bear or reflect the past prices and trade volume information, the semi-strong form adds publicly available information to the weak form, and the strong form adds even insider information to the efficiency approach (Harder, 2008). Empirical evidences show that successive changes in stock prices are independent and this independence is in line with the efficient market hypothesis, as markets promptly react to the new information (Fama et al. , 1969). In this context it may be assumed that dividend announcements convey particular positive information about the company and provide signals about future performance of the firm. The decision about paying dividends is made by the firm’s managers and often supported by shareholders’ voting. Since dividend announcements bear useful information, from the efficient market hypothesis view point this information is reflected in the share price changes immediately after the public announcement (Bodie et al, 2009). The three companies that were chosen have been used to test the semi strong form of the EMH and whether the dividends announcements made by Tesco, Vodafone and Burberry had a significant impact on shareholder returns and share prices. So, the null hypotheses of the analysis are the following: H0: Dividends have a positive and significant effect on the share prices H0: Dividends have a positive and significant effect on the weekly stock returns. The alternative hypotheses are the following: Halt: Dividends do not have a significant effect on the share prices Halt: Dividends do not have a significant effect on the weekly stock returns. According to EMH in its semi strong form, the information on dividends should be quickly absorbed into the stock prices during the first week and hence the acceptance of the null hypotheses will be consistent with the semi strong efficiency. You read "Dividend Policy and Share Prices" in category "Essay examples" However, if abnormal returns persist in the longer run, e. g. three months, the EMH in the semi strong form can be rejected. Empirical evidences also provide support for the semi-strong efficient market hypothesis, implying that stock market efficiently and quickly adjusts to new information about dividends (Aharony and Swary, 1980). However, the research of Amihud and Li (2006) finds that the reaction of stock market to dividend announcement is not constant. It is concluded that cumulative abnormal returns promoted by dividend announcements decline to zero in due course. The findings suggest that dividend announcement are less informative over time, and this may be related to the reluctance of managers to pay extra expenses related to dividends (Amihud and Li, 2006). Moreover, the recent decrease in propensity of companies to pay dividends is sometimes related to the lower informational contend of dividend announcements. Since institutional investors are normally better informed and tend to play key roles in public firms, the costly dividends have become a less popular way to provide information (Baker, 2009). The study of Asquth and Mullins (1983) also suggests that stock prices and shareholders’ wealth are impacted by initiation and increase of dividends. Moreover, the effect of dividend increase is stronger than the influence of dividend initiation. The results are in line with assumption that dividend announcements bear valuable information for investors. Dividend policy may be used as a simple way to signal managers’ view of the company’s recent and future performance (Asquth and Mullins, 1983). However, it must be stated that dividend policies are not directly influencing share prices and lead to their changes. Instead, dividend policies are changed by managers when some fundamental developments in company’s performance are expected, and these developments cause the change of the share prices. Thus, dividend announcement is only the way for investors to obtain information about these fundamental developments. Similarly, there are no evidences that a company value may be increased through increase of dividends, since dividends only convey signals about fundamental changes in the company and are viewed as only by-products of the changes (Moles et al. 2011). Nevertheless, the study of Shiller (1981) challenges the efficient market hypothesis suggesting that the volatility of stock prices are too high to be explained by the future dividends. A more recent investigation of Mehnidiratta and Gupta (2010) supports the semi-strong form of efficient market hypothesis concluding that stock prices promptly and accurately react to the publicly available information, particularly to dividend annou ncements. The two-stage study tests the share prices response to dividend announcement. The first stage included the evaluation of beta based on post facto returns on stock and market index and predicted returns on every of the stocks. The second stage these values were used to calculate abnormal returns around the day of announcement. The results provide information that though investors do not obtain significant value prior to the dividend announcement day or on the event day, they do gain value after the announcement. Investors move their security positions on the announcement day which implies that after the event day there is informational value in dividend announcement. The evidences prove that the increases in dividends imply more positive abnormal stock returns, and this supports the efficient market hypothesis (Mehnidiratta and Gupta, 2010). But there are also empirical evidences of little stock market reaction to dividend announcements at some periods (Hasan et al. , 2012). The event study methodology was used to evaluate the effect of cash dividend announcements on the share prices. The data about abnormal returns around the event day was analysed and the events before, on, or after the announcement day were pooled. The tested assumption states that payment of cash dividends is the most significant factor that impacts all prices around the event days (Hasan et al. , 2012). In the following figures the results of the regression analysis and statistical tests applied to the regressions are presented. Table 1 Effects of Dividends on Investor Weekly Return Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) .012 .009 1. 375 .175 Dividend -. 002 .002 -. 143 -1. 030 .308 Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate imension0 1 .143a .020 .001 .03489 a. Predictors: (Constant), Dividend According to the first regression, dividends do not have a significant impact on the weekly stock returns and hence the null hypothesis related to stock returns is rejected. However, the output from the regression of share prices on dividends demonstrates that the former have a statistically significant positive influence on the share price perf ormance. This was evidenced with the t-test. Table 2 Effects of Dividends on Share Prices Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 151. 362 47. 949 3. 157 .003 Dividend 45. 955 9. 186 .574 5. 003 .000 Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate dimension0 1 .574a .329 .316 191. 66266 a. Predictors: (Constant), Dividend Thus, the null hypothesis related to the effects of dividends on the share prices is accepted. R-squared test has revealed that the second regression had a better fit. Conclusion As the semi-strong efficient market hypothesis suggests, new information including dividend announcement is quickly reflected in the company’s stock prices. Some empirical evidences support the hypothesis (Fama et al. , 1969; Aharony and Swary, 1980). Other findings suggest that the impact of the announcements may decline in the course of time (Amihud and Li, 2006). The recent empirical studies that were reviewed support the semi-strong efficient market hypothesis and find that dividend announcements produce abnormal returns and are positively related to the share prices (Mehnidiratta and Gupta, 2010). But another event study displays different reaction of stock prices to dividend announcement in different years (Hasan et al. , 2012). The analysis in the paper was conducted in the context of three UK based companies from different sectors. The dividend policies of these companies have been analysed. Furthermore, the relationships between the share prices and the dividends were tested. It was found that the dividends produced a positive and statistically significant effect on the share prices but no significant effect on weekly returns. References Aharyny, J. and Swary, I. (1980) â€Å"Quarterly Dividend and Earnings Announcements and Stockholders’ Returns: An Empirical Analysis†, The Journal of Finance, 31 (1), pp. 1-12. Amihud, Y. nd Li, K. (2006) â€Å"The Declining Information Content of Dividend Announcements and the Effects of Institutional Holdings†, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 41, pp. 637-660. Asquith, P. and Mullins, D. W. Jr. (1983) â€Å"The Impact of Initiating Dividend Payments on Shareholders’ Wealth†, The Journal of Business, 56 (1), pp. 77-96. B aker, H. K. (2009) Dividends and dividend policy. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Bodie, Z. , Kane, A. and Marcus, A. (2009) Investments, Hoboken: McGraw Hill Professional. Brealey, R. and Myers, S. (2003) Principles of Corporate Finance, New York: McGraw Hill. Burberry (2011) Annual Reports and Accounts, [online] Available at: www. burberryplc. com/bbry/results-centre/respre/rep2011/ [Accessed 6 February 2012]. Fama, E. F. , Fisher, L. , Jensen, M. C. and Roll, R. (1969) â€Å"The Adjustment of Stock Prices to New Information†, International Economic Review, 10 (1), pp. 1-21. Field A. (2005) Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, London: Sage Publications. Gujarati, D. (1995) Basic Econometrics. 3rd ed. , New York: McGraw-Hill. Harder, S. (2008) â€Å"The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Application to Stock Markets†, Scholarly Research Paper, Germany: GRIN Verlag. Hasan, S. B. , Akhter, S. and Huda, H. A. E. (2012) â€Å"Cash Dividend Announcement Effect: Evidence from Dhaka Stock Exchange†, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 3 (2), pp. 12-24. Maddala, G. S. (2001) Introduction to Econometrics. 3rd ed. , Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Mehnidiratta, N. and Gupta, S. (2010) â€Å"Impact of Dividend Announcement on Stock Prices†, International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management, 2 (2), pp. 405-410. Moles, P. , Parrino, R. and Kidwell, D. (2011) Fundamentals of Corporate Finance – European Edition. UK: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Palan, S. 2004) â€Å"The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Validity in Today’s Markets†, M. A. Thesis. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Shiller, R. J. (1981) â€Å"Do Stock Prices Move Too Much to be Justified by Subsequent Changes in Dividends? †, NBER Working Paper No. 456. Tesco (2011) Annual Report and Accounts [online] Available at: ar2011. tescoplc. com/ [Acc essed 6 February 2012]. Vodafone (2011) Annual Report and Accounts [online] Available at: http://www. vodafone. com/content/index/investors/reports/annual_report. html [Accessed 6 February 2012]. Yahoo Finance (2012) Weekly Share Prices [online] Available at: finance. yahoo. co. uk [Accessed 6 February 2012]. How to cite Dividend Policy and Share Prices, Essay examples

New Testament and Biblical Worldview Influence free essay sample

TorahI. What is a worldview? Define what the term â€Å"worldview† means. Use descriptive phrases to support your definition. (25–50 words) A worldview is a philosophy or the way an individual views the world and everything in it, and is present in every single human being on this planet. A worldview is an individual’s set of beliefs, and directly affects their decision making, values, relationships, and behaviors by that individual. II. Articulate the biblical/Christian Worldview (what is believed) for each of the following 5 questions. However, there is one detail that sets humans apart from every other living thing in the world. That is the fact that we were created in Gods’ image. (Genesis 1:27 and Ephesians 4:24) The fact that we were created in the image of our creator is an extremely significant, but often overlooked fact regarding creation. Another significant detail, is the fact that humans have everlasting souls. The Question of Meaning/Purpose? We have several purposes on this planet, the Bible instructs us to be fruitful and multiply, to fill the earth, and to rule over it. We will write a custom essay sample on New Testament and Biblical Worldview Influence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We are also instructed in the book of John (17:3) to have a personal relationship with and get to know Jesus as our lord. Furthermore, we are instructed on many occasions (Psalm47:6) that we are to praise and glorify God through worship and song. The Question of Morality? What is defined as right or wrong behaviors in today’s society varies greatly, depending on who you ask. Fortunately, the Bible gave us Ten Commandments to live by in Exodus Chapter 20. Everyone enters this world with a sinful nature, and falls to the temptation of sin. The Bible also teaches us in Ephesians (4:24) that through the power of God, we can become more like him in righteousness and holiness. The Question of Destiny? The Bible clearly teaches that there are only two very specific possibilities for eternity; Heaven, and Hell. There is only way to make it to Heaven, and that is to accept the gift that Jesus gave us by dying on the cross for our sins. (1 Peter 3:18) The Bible lists the two possibilities for eternity as being either eternal life, or eternal punishment. (Matthew 25:46) III. How might/should a biblical worldview influence the way you [Refer specifically to how biblical worldview beliefs influence your answer] 1. How might/should a biblical worldview influence the way you think about, treat, and speak to others on a daily basis? A Christian worldview should influence the way we interact with others because we live and work around people every day who have their eternity hanging in the balance. The way we live our lives can be a great influence on these people, and can ultimately affect their willingness to investigate Christianity based upon the way that we treat them on a daily basis. How might/should a biblical worldview influence the way you vote in local or national election? Voting in this country is not only a privilege, but it is a very important responsibility for every American. Voting is our way of making our voice heard to the Government about what values and beliefs are important to us. There are many important modern day issues that we as Christians, need to take a stand against based upon our Christian Worldview. The Bible also references the importance of having â€Å"Godly† leaders, on many occasions.

Influences on Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescents

Adolescence is the development of a child from childhood to adulthood. Changes are noted as the child grows, such as sexual characteristics. Girls start to grow breasts, public and armpit hair, and menstrual periods; the full development is attained at the age of 18.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influences on Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Boys’ testicles and scrotum enlarges and the penis enlarges in size, and the full development of boys’ reproductive parts is attained at the age of 16 to 17 years. These developments are influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Physical Development According to Smith Cowie (2005), environmental factors such as nutrition can determine how the child will grow. Adolescents should be given a balanced diet because their rapid growth makes them crave for calories, but if calories intake is exceeded, they ar e likely to develop weight problems. For example, identical twins with same genes growing in different environments are likely to have different heights or physical appearance. According to the University of United Nations, this may be due to nutrition which affects the growth of bones, the body size, and can also delay the body growth. Regular exercises are essential in youngster’s development. Those who spend their time playing or engaging in vigorous activities are likely to have stronger bones than those who spend their time watching televisions, thus their bone growth is likely to be impaired. Likewise, chronic illness also affects the child’s growth. Childs genetics influences how he/she will grow physically. Genetics have a big effect on the growth rate and the size of body parts. For instance, Doctor Stefan Czerwinski did a study for genetics for 30 years and concluded that when both height and weight of a child’s parents is measured, it is easy to appro ximate the child’s height and weight at the age of thirty. If a child’s parents are short, he/she is likely to grow short even if the age mates look taller. Other factors include the body mass, percentage of body fat and body muscles. Physical characteristics such as facial and body developments are likely to cause different reactions from people.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, healthy and attractive children are more likely to be favored than the less attractive ones with slim bodies. Furthermore, a youngster who comes from a family with a history of schizophrenia is likely to develop the hereditary disease, especially if the environment in which he/she lives is easy to contaminate (Bronfen, 2000). Cognitive Development Bronfen (2000) argues that physical activity helps the brain to function properly. Exercises can help improve cognition and academic per formance. The effects of the physical activity on cognition and brain function have been shown at the molecular, cellular, organ system, and behavior levels, which points out that exercises may lead to increase in both physical and mental health during child development. Exercise helps adolescents to improve their memory, neuroprotection and lessen chances of depression. They support neurogenesis, metabolism, and vascular functions. It also alleviates diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, which may lead to inflammation of the brain which can impair its growth. Eyes development is another factor because it depends on which environment the child grows. A youngster with teary eyes, maybe due to dietary deficiency causes the child to strain and is not able to learn more as compared to his age mates. This may be due to spending a lot of time on computers, which may lead to eye fatigue and as they play, foreign objects such as dirt and bacteria may impair their vision. Gende rs roles in the society also determine the youngsters learning capabilities. Girls tend to be interested in learning female related activities such as soft labor – for example, baby care. Boys learn activities that are related to hard labor. However, girls and boys who have been taught to do both male and female tasks, normally called the androgynous, are able to do hard labor, with the girls being able to fix cars and boys able to do home chores. Adolescents who are brought up in wealthy and loving families are likely to be mentally stable and are able to develop good domestic and learning skills. These children regard ability as an acquirable skill and hence, they are capable of increasing it by gaining more knowledge. They regard error as natural and are able to learn through mistakes. They are capable of handling difficulties and do not compare their personal achievements with others. Youngsters who go through tough experiences, for example, orphans have poor mental devel opment. The issue of their parent’s death can lead to unhealthy mental development. Such children have negative attitude about life and are not focused on their studies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influences on Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similarly, the training and experience to which an adolescent is exposed determines who he/she will become. A delay in cognitive development of a youngster becomes problematic especially in societies that value cognitive skills for work and self-determined life. In essence, culture and environmental factors are the results of differences in cognitive achievements (Smith Cowie, 2005). Social, Moral, and Personality Development There are many behaviors that cause differences between people. These behaviors include emotions and thoughts and are sometimes caused by environmental and heredity factors. Environmental factors are helpful in formation of characters attitudes. Adolescents show different attitudes in same conditions and this depends on the learning environment where the child was brought up. The family where the child grew is an important factor in formation of a personality. Children who come from a family of independent parents are likely to grow with the same independence, self trust, and self control, and with a lot of creativity (Berk, 2004). Adolescents who come from a family where parents are authoritative are likely to be shy and anxious. These youngsters also become dependent and with little or no self control. More so, an adolescent who have been brought up in a family with a single parent is affected because in case of the absence of a mother, the child is likely to be shy and dependent. The father’s absence differs in both boys and girls. Girls are likely to be more dependent, but with an aggressive personality, especially when dealing with boys. In case of parent s divorce, adolescent girls become anxious about their relationship with boys. Moreover, birth order affects the development of an adolescent because elder children have good leadership characteristics and tend to be successful. Middle children are likely to be rebellious whereas lastborns are likely to be spoilt, and experience insufficient emotions. Berk (2004) affirms that social developments are affected by the culture from which an adolescent come from. People from different cultures have their own believes, merits, morals, and attitudes. The first source of socialization for adolescents is parents. If the youngster’s parents had unsocial behavior, they are likely to behave the same, especially in groups.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this regard, Freud’s Theory about personality is divided into three. The first is the topographic theory, which divides the psychological structure into consciousness, pre-consciousness, and unconsciousness. They express how much the individuals are aware of mental activities that they do. Second, in structural theory, personality is formed by the primitive personality of birth, ego which is a sensibility for logic, behaviors and controlling consciousness. Third, Superego is the ethnical and personality judgment which depends on the rules of the family and society. According to Treyt Moral theory, each person has an ethical judgment on good or evil. These judgments determine an individual’s self behaviors and acts. These morals are determined by the environmental and society where an individual has been brought up. In order for a person to live peacefully, he/she must adopt and follow the rules which he/she esteemed. In Carl Jung’s Social theory, individualâ €™s personalities, such as being an extrovert and introvert shows individuals interest of self and others. According to Jung, introverts are shy and find it hard to make friends, while extroverts are confident and hence get friends easily (Bronfen, 2000). Thus, these three theories help explain the mentioned moral, social, and personality factors. In conclusion, adolescence is a stage of remarkable physical changes and cognitive development; adolescents’ bodies establish and mature sexually, together with their minds engaging in advanced thinking, which include metacognition, speculative, and intense introspection. These changes affect social and psychological development. Parents, teachers and the whole society should be ready to accommodate adolescents and teach them because it is a temporary stage with many changes, especially in cases where these youngsters feel they are special and above the laws. This might lead to risky behaviors, such as drug abuse and having unpr otected sex while they try to engage into intimate relationships with the push to discover who they are in the society and in the world. Therefore, the society must educate and protect adolescent because it has a greater influence on adolescents’ physical and cognitive development. References Berk, L. E. (2004). Infants, Children, Adolescents Development Theories. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Bronfen, B. (2000). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by nature and Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Smith P.K. Cowie, H. (2005). Understanding Adolescents Development, Basic Psychology (4th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. This essay on Influences on Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescents was written and submitted by user Sidney Frederick to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Airport Security Carry-On Regulations

Airport Security Carry-On Regulations The United States Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has established a set of rules for airline passengers at security checkpoints in airports about what they can and cannot bring with them as they fly. New security check-in policies are periodically updated, including the items allowed and prohibited aboard aircraft. This general summary of information is not intended to substitute for FAA, TSA, or PHMSA regulations. For updates and for more information, visit the Transportation Security Administration, call the Consumer Response Center toll-free at 1-866-289-9673 or email TSA-ContactCenterdhs.gov. General Rules The TSA has rules for eight categories of items you can bring with you as you fly, whether in the passenger cabin with you as carry-on luggage or in the cargo hold as checked bags. This list includes the rules that apply in every situation, as well as banned specific items as of February 4, 2018. The number of carry-on items you can bring is established by the individual airline: most say you can bring one carry on, and one personal item. Pack your carry on in neat layers and place your liquids bag on the top. Hazardous materials (HAZMAT) are not allowed on planes at all. Prohibited items include cooking fuels, explosives, and according to FAA regulations, some high-alcohol content beverages. The 3-1-1 Rule Liquids, gels, creams, pastes, and aerosols are only allowed as carry-on items according to the 3-1-1 Rule. No container may be larger than 3.4 ounces (100 ml). The travel containers must all fit in a single one-quart-sized bag and kept in your carry-on, to facilitate the screening process. Exceptions to the 3-1-1 rule include medically-necessary liquids, medicines, and creams: you can bring larger quantities, and you dont need to put your medications in a plastic bag. However, any liquid, aerosol, gel, cream or paste that sets off alarms during screening will require additional screening. Flammables Flammables are anything that can be easily set on fire. As you might imagine, many of those are banned completely from airplanes, but there are exceptions. Acceptable Flammable Carry-Ons: cigarettes and cigars and safety matches, disposable and Zippo lighters, phone chargers, power banks, dry batteries, solid (but not gel) candles.Checked Luggage Only: rainbow flame crystals, gel candles, and self-defense sprays.Completely Banned: Any flammable liquid fuel, such as cooking fuel, butane, chlorine for pools, bang snaps, blasting caps, and firecrackers. Rules for lithium batteries have significantly changed recently. Batteries with 100-watt hours or less may be carried in a device in either carry-on or checked bags. Loose lithium batteries are prohibited in checked bags. Lithium batteries with more than 100-watt-hours may be allowed in carry-on bags with airline approval, but are limited to two spare batteries per passenger. Loose lithium batteries are prohibited in checked bags. Firearms In general, the TSA does not allow firearms or indeed anything that looks like or could be used as a weapon to be carried on. Firearms including ammunition, BB guns, compressed air guns, firearms, flare guns, and gun parts, may be carried in checked baggage if you meet the guidelines for transporting firearms. Essentially, the firearms must be unloaded and placed in a locked hard-sided container, which must completely secure the firearm. When you check your bag, be sure to tell the airline agent that you are checking firearms. Acceptable Fire Arm Carry-ons: Holsters, rifle scopes, empty shell casingsChecked Luggage Only: Ammunition, BB and compressed air guns, firearms, flare guns, gun parts, pellet guns, realistic replicas, rifles, shell casings, starter pistolsCompletely Banned: flares, gun lighters, gunpowder. Food Liquid foods must meet the liquid standards to be carried on board, but in most cases, they can be brought in checked baggage. Meat, seafood, vegetable and other non-liquid food items are permitted in both carry-on and checked bags. If the food is packed with ice or ice packs in a cooler or another container, ice or ice packs must be completely frozen when brought through screening. You can pack frozen perishables in your carry-on or checked bags in dry ice. The FAA limits you to five pounds of dry ice that is properly packaged (the package is vented) and marked. Frozen liquid items are allowed through the checkpoint as long as they are frozen solid when presented for screening. If frozen liquid items are partially melted, slushy, or have any liquid at the bottom of the container, they must meet 3-1-1 liquids requirements. Water, formula, breast milk and baby food for babies are allowed in reasonable quantities in carry-on bags; see the special instructions for travel with children. Acceptable Food Carry-ons: solid foods such as bread, candy, cereal, coffee beans; fresh fruit, meat, and vegetables; eggs, frozen foods if solid-frozen, baby formulas, and foodChecked Luggage Only: Liquids and creamy foods like honey, gravy, peanut butter, and creamy dips if they dont meet the 3-1-1 rulesCompletely Banned: alcoholic beverages over 70% alcohol (140 proof). Household and Tools Household items, in general, may be brought aboard unless they have blades or could otherwise be used as a weapon (axes and blenders, cattle prods, crowbars, cooking spray, cast iron skillets). Most of those may be placed in checked baggage. Items such as butane curling irons may be carried on board but not in the cargo hold. Power tools and regular tools larger than 7 inches are prohibited from carry-on. Liquid items (detergents and deodorants, hand sanitizers) must follow the liquid 3.1.1 rules. Most laptops and cell phones can be brought on board or in checked luggage. The Samsung Galaxy Note 7 is permanently banned from airline travel. Acceptable Household Carry-ons (examples): cell phones, blenders, corded curling irons, coffee makers, detergents, computers, fidget spinners, game consoles, laptops, light bulbs, paintings, remote control cars, radios, sewing machines, staplers, tattoo guns,Checked Luggage Only: axes and hatchets, drills and drill bits, hammers, heating pads, mallets, Magic 8 ball, nail guns, power tools and tools larger than 7 inchesBanned from Checked Luggage: butane curling ironsCompletely Banned: alcoholic beverages over 70% alcohol (140 proof), cooking spray, engine powered equipment with residual fuel, Samsung Galaxy Note 7, spillable batteries, spray starch, turpentine and paint thinner Medical The TSA allows exceptions to the 3-1-1 rule for medically necessary liquids, gels, and aerosols. You can bring in reasonable quantities for your trip, but you must declare them to TSA officers at the checkpoint for inspection. It is recommended, but not required, that your medications be labeled to facilitate the security process: check with state laws about appropriate labeling. Used syringes are allowed when transported in a Sharps disposal unit or another similarly hard-surfaced container. Personal medical oxygen cylinders are permitted if the regulator valve has not been tampered with or removed. Allowed carryons that require additional screening: nebulizers, CPAPs, BiPAPs, APAPs, unused syringes. If you have bone growth stimulator, spinal stimulator, neurostimulator, port, feeding tube, insulin pump, ostomy bag, or other medical device attached to your body, you may require additional screening. Consult with the manufacturer of the device to determine whether it can safely pass through the X-ray, metal detector or advanced imaging technology for screening. See the TSAs Disabilities and Medical Conditions for more information. Acceptable Medical Carry-ons: blood sugar test, canes, casts, contact lens solutions, contacts, crutches, EpiPens, external medical devices (with special, eye drops, inhalers, insulin, insulin pumps and supplies, life vests, liquid vitamins, liquid medications, pills, nitroglycerine pills, pill cutter, prosthetics, supplements, support braces, thermometer, unused syringes, vitamins, walkers, and wheelchairs.Completely banned: Medical marijuana is prohibited in carry-on or checked baggage. Sharp Objects In general, you are prohibited from traveling with sharp objects in your carry-on bags; but all can be packed in your checked bags. Sharp objects in checked luggage should be sheathed or securely wrapped to prevent injury to baggage handlers and inspectors. Acceptable Sharp Carry-ons: cigar cutters, crochet hooks, disposable razor, knitting needles, nail clippers, pencil sharpeners, safety pin, scissors if less than 4 inches from the pivot point), sewing needles, tweezers.Checked Baggage Only: corkscrews, box cutters, ice picks and axes, knives, leatherman tools, meat cleavers, pocket knives, razortype blades, sabers, safety razor with blades, saws, swiss army knives, swords, throwing stars. Sporting Camping Sports and camping equipment are generally acceptable as carry-ons, with the exceptions of things that are classed as hazardous materials (such as some aerosol insecticides), things that could be used as weapons, liquids that dont follow the 3.1.1 rule and objects that are too large for the specific airlines guidelines. Camp stoves are allowed in carry-on or checked bags only if they are empty of all fuel and cleaned so that no fuel vapors or residue remain. Please wrap cords and layer items in bags so officers can get a clear view of the items. You may bring a life vest with up to two CO2 cartridges inside, plus two spare cartridges in your carry-on or checked bag. Sharp fishing tackle that may be considered dangerous, such as large fish hooks, should be sheathed, securely wrapped, and packed in your checked bags. Like other high-value objects, you may wish to pack expensive reels or fragile tackle that does not pose a security threat (small flies) in your carry-on bags. Acceptable Sporting Carry-ons: baseballs, basketballs, footballs, bocce balls, bowling balls, bicycle chains and pumps, boxing gloves, empty coolers, divot tools, fishing rods and poles, football helmets, golf balls, golf tees, hand warmers, helmets, longboards, navigation GPS, nerf guns, rocks, sand, skates, sleeping bag, small fishing lures, snowboards, snowshoes, sports cleats, tennis rackets, trophy, vacuum sealed bags.Checked Baggage Only: baseball bats, bowling pins, bows and arrows, canoe/kayak paddles, cast iron cookware, crampons, cricket bats, golf clubs, hiking poles, hockey sticks, kubatons, lacrosse sticks, martial arts weapons, nunchucks, pool cues, shoe and snow spikes, ski poles, snow cleats, spear guns, tent spikes, walking sticksCompletely Banned: bear bangers, small compressed cartridgesCheck with airline: antlers, skateboards, tents, umbrellas, fishing rods, bicycles Miscellaneous Several items categorized by the TSA as miscellaneous items require special instructions to be brought on board or checked in luggage. Car engine parts and other car parts without fuel or traces of fuel are allowed in carry-on or checked bags. Car engine parts may be placed in checked bags only if the parts are packed in their original box and free of gasoline and oil.Cremated remains may be carried on board, but some airlines do not allow cremated remains in checked bags, so please check with your airline to learn more about possible restrictions. To facilitate screening, we suggest that you purchase a temporary or permanent crematory container made of a lighter weight material, such as wood or plastic. If the container is made of a material that generates an opaque image, TSA officers will not be able to clearly determine what is inside the container and the container will not be allowed. Out of respect for the deceased, TSA officers will not open a container, even if requested by the passenger.Musical instruments must undergo screening whether transported as carry-on or in checked bags. Inform the TSA officer if your instrument requires special care and handling. Pack brass instruments in your checked bags. Realistic toy guns are not allowed in carry-ons, but since the technology doesnt currently exist to create a real lightsaber, you can pack a toy lightsaber in your carry-on or checked bag.Parachutes should always be packed separately from other baggage. If a TSA officer determines that a bag must be opened to inspect the parachute, you must be present to assist in the inspection. If you are not within the screening area, you will be paged using the airport intercom system; if you are not present to assist with screening the parachute, the parachute will not be allowed on the plane. For this reason, passengers with parachutes are encouraged to add 30 minutes to the airlines recommended arrival window. TSA is not responsible for repacking parachutes. All parachutes should be thoroughly inspected at their end destination to make sure that the equipment is still safe to use.Small pets are allowed through the checkpoint. Please check with your airline for their policy. Please remove your pet from the carrying case and place the case through the X-ray machine. You should maintain control of your pet with a leash and remember to remove the leash when carrying your pet through the metal detector. Animal carriers will undergo a visual and/or physical inspection. Acceptable Miscellaneous Carry-ons For Babies And Children: carriers, seats, wipes, stuffed animals, snow globes, harry potter wand, glow sticksFor Adults: makeup and haircare (bobby pins, chapsticks, cologne, concealer, conditioner, dry shammpoo, hair clippers, hair dryer, hair gel, hair straightener (flat iron), hair texturizer, hairspray, jewlery, laser hair remover, nail polish, nail polish remover, powder makeup,shampoo, lipsticks, makeup remover, makeup wipes, mascara, mirrors, soap (bar), soap (liquid), solid makeup, perfume, tobacco, tobacco pipes, toothpaste, flowers, electronic toothbrushes, sunscreen sprays, wet wipes, foundationClothing: belts, clothes and shoes, shoe horn, shoe tree, blankets, body armor, handcuffs, steel-toed boots, electric blankets,Electronics And Hobbies: television, digital cameras, books, electronic cigarettes and vaping devices, binoculars, camera monopod, pens, putty balls, planting seeds, plants, headphones, Geiger counters, power charger, power inverters, tattoo inks, adult toys , artificial skeleton bones, shock collars, Xboxes, bread machine, car parts Banned Miscellaneous Items Banned From Checked Luggage: electronic cigarettes and vaping devices, live coral, live fish, power charger,Banned Completely: Replicas of explosives, such as hand grenades, fertilizer

Appreciative Inquiry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Appreciative Inquiry - Essay Example It’s about finding out what makes something alive, what makes someone the way they are, and what makes someone do the best at something. The Appreciative Inquiry is about asking questions not that get the job done, but focuses on questions that help anticipate and solve problems before they are ever created. The Appreciative Inquiry looks to see the best in people. It looks to get people to talk about their accomplishments: their past accomplishments, their present accomplishments, what they’re proud of, and what they love. The Appreciative Inquiry is all about making you learn the best about someone. It’s all about focusing on high-point movement. Essentially, it’s about allowing someone to â€Å"toot their own horn,† so to speak. Many people like the Appreciative Inquiry because it focuses on what is the best them. Overall, the Appreciative Inquiry is about learning the best in people, and about learning what they’re discovering, what they’re dreaming, what they’re designing, and what makes them the most

English literature Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English literature - Assignment Example The title of the story is absurd but it has a lot of meaning in it. It is amplified with the story’s symbolism and means a lot of thing. Phoenix is not just the name of a city situated in Arizona. According to Egyptian mythology, it is a bird that arises from its own ashes and takes rebirth. Phoenix is thus a symbol of regeneration and immortality. Thomas and victor too, like a Phoenix, travels to the city of Phoenix during the hot Arizona summer and step inside the trailer of Victor’s father just to reclaim and build that which has been lost once. Figuratively or literally, they to take the rebirth just like a Phoenix. So, the title is symbolic of the plot and bears a similar analogy with the mythology. Gryphon is a monster with wings, having the head of an eagle and body of a lion. In the short story by Charles Baxter, Ms. Firenze refers to the Gryphon and states that she has seen the animal in real life. Gryphon is constituted from things of this world but many things combined together and no one achieves that unless they imagine about the creature. Similarly, Ms. Firenze feels that one must leave the world of concrete objects sometimes and travel to the wonderland - the land of creativity and imagination created of objects outside our world. So in this way Gryphon may be important and very much suitable for the title of the story as it celebrates the spirit of the story. The child’s experience about Gryphon is so significant because it again makes a link with the core theme of the story. Gryphon is a tinge of a created world and Baxter never wanted Tommy to influence completely his readers, so he took the initiative to portray through Gryphon story that there are so many things beyond what we see and what we

Money and Life Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Money and Life - Movie Review Example She peels back the history of our financial tangle, tells the story of people drowning in debt, reveals our perplexity and presents possibilities for an economy rooted in love and nature... With the old stories and systems falling apart, this film arrives at the perfect moment to help us bless and release the lies weve lived and simply move on†. Also, it is worth noting that in general the film is high quality and aesthetically beautiful work. Although, the basic idea and argumentation in it, to my mind, is rather weak. In her documentary, Kate Teague explores the poignant meaning and â€Å"irresistible† power of money in our life, sources of debts, outlines the distinguishing moments in the history of money, refers to the functioning and organization of the national monetary system, banking activities, sources and nature of economic crisis. Filmmaker offers a fresh view on the economic crisis as an â€Å"opening† and â€Å"opportunity† towards saving oneself from the monetary â€Å"addiction†. Finally, a new perspective on treating money is given. It is believed that money, which, by the way, was â€Å"invented† by people, originally served â€Å"as a medium of exchange in the agreement with the community† and was intended â€Å"to help people realize their interdependence†. Thus, Teague highlights that it is not the people that should serve money, but vice versa – money should be a medium, never a final destination. Kate Teague (2013) calls everyone to rethink the role of money in the life of individual, community, country and planet: â€Å"We need to examine our relationship with money and gain a deeper understanding of our economic pain as individuals, as a country and as people of the earth. To understand the fundamentals of money so we could â€Å"reclaim life from the rule of money† (Teague, 2013). However, as it was mentioned, the main idea of the film is generally vague. For example, the author suggests the way out from â€Å"the rule of money† through

History of Ocean Explorations

History of Ocean Explorations Significance of oceans Oceans are very important for human being in many ways. We will discuss three significance of ocean here Significance of ocean in exploration Significance of ocean in transportation Strategic role of oceans Significance of oceans in exploration Ocean played major role in exploration of many unexplored lands of the world. The age of exploration begin in early 15th century to until 17th century in which many Europeans travelled and explore many land of Africa, America, Australia and many other islands. Reason of travel They travelled to get spices, goods like silk and gold, religion converts and for bypassing the Muslim empires They travelled because they get the new and more detailed maps and also the new instruments which they used in exploration some of the instrument are Astrolabe that is used to determine altitude of the sun and position of the stars Sextant that is used to find latitude and longitude New ships which were bigger than the past Explorers With the rise of the Turks in the 14th and 15th centuries, trade with the east became increasingly difficult by land. But under the influence of the Renaissance on the European mind there also developed an urge of adventure and enterprise to discover new lands to plant colonies of their own people in them and to find a new independent route to India. Thus the 15th century ushered in an era of discoveries in the history of European peoples. (1) Some of famous explorers are: Marco Polo (1250-1324) He started his travel from Italy to china in 1271 with his father and uncle he spend 20 years with Kublai Khan. In 1292 he decided to went back king gave him 14 ships. He travelled from Java, Sumatra, Sri Lanka and Madagascar. Prince Henry (1396-1460) He was a Portuguese explorer. He reached India bypassing Muslim Empires and Africa .In 1455 he reach to banning coast. He discovers many lands of Atlantic Ocean. Captain Vasco da Gama He travelled from Cape of Good Hope to Mozambique to Mogadishu to Mombasa. In 1498 he travelled and reached Calicut from Mozambique and realised the Portuguese ambition to finding a sea route to India. Kristopher Columbus (1451-1508) He was Spanish but studied in Portugal. He travelled to explore India. In 1492 he reached West Indies he thought that he had discover India until his death. Magellan: He was Portages explorer but Spanish king help him in sailing and provide him 5 ships. He started his journey in 1519 from Spain to Brazil and then South America and tip of India. He reached Guam islands (east of Philippine) on April 27, 1521 he entered Philippine and killed there. Juan Sebastian the captain of Victoria ship one of the Magellan ship reached Spain by crossing Indian Ocean. In 1522 Juan Sebastian in Victoria circles the earth. French and English nations In 1534 the French navigator Jacques Cartier’s (1491-1557) expedition in an attempt to find the north-west passage reached the mouth of the St. Lawrence and discovered the lower fertile valley of the river. In 1553 the English expedition of Willoughby and Chancellor, in search of North East passage, reached the White Sea leading to the discovery of Russia. In 1576 Sir Martin Frobisher undertook three voyages (1576-1578) westward to find the north-westward passage and in the last attempt discovered the Hudson strait of the north of Labrador. (2) Captain James cooks (1728-1779) He was British navigator he drew the outline of Pacific Ocean and explores many Islands and countries. There are three major journeys of cook 1768-1771: He travelled from England to South America (Strait of Magellan) to Pacific Ocean to New Zealand to New gunny to Australia (eastern coast and islands) Cape of Good Hope to back to England. 1772-1775: Start his travel from England to Cape of Good Hope to Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean then to New Zealand and different islands he reached Antarctic circles up to 71 degree and 10 minutes then reached England moving from Strait of Magellan. 1776-1779: Started his travel from England to Cape of Good Hope then New Zealand Go way islands to Northern post, Alaska, bearing post, Russia and died there. Kids.britanicca.com After James cooks the Earth was explore world map was redrawn. Significance of ocean in Transportation The oceans serve as a highway for trade and travel. Mostly the shipment of heavy trade commodities and mineral oil is transported through these ocean routs. (3) There are many ways of transportation like roads, railway, by air and by water. Water enables more efficient travel as compared to land for most of heavy material things like containers, oil tankers, heavy machinery and jets and other weapons etc. Waterways are very important for the transportation of people and goods throughout the world. Connection between coastal ports and inland ports of countries lead the foundation of material economics wealthy worldwide. Early history of water-based transportation In the past water-based transportation was very important for domestic and international trade and travelling of people. By the early exploration many natural resources were identified such as fisheries and timber etc. For the transportation of these resources trade centres were established along the coastal areas where goods were gathered and then transported to consumers of Europe and other areas of the world by ocean vessels. Introduction of transportation system lead the small subsistence farms to larger farms such as wheat, tobacco, rice and cotton that were commercially marketable in Europe. By the ocean vessels low value goods were exported and returned with high value and low density goods like inks, linens and finished products. During 1700s, the British government passed away act to collect taxes from the colonies this step of Government affected the trade. Transportation in Twentieth and twenty-first centuries In this time with the arrival of advancement in technology, engines design as well as improvement in construction material the ships which looked like the beautiful city the transportation become very easy and economically better then the last centuries of times. Moderns cruise ships, ferries and many other small boats carry peoples for daily business commuting to fishing and sightseeing. Ferry system in Nova Scotia (Canada) is an example of the importance of waterway of transportation. About 95% of U.S. foreign trade passes through its port system. Pakistan Karachi port is very important as far as the heavy materials transportation is concern. Today the world economy has become globalized. According to NOAA the U.S. was the world’s leading trader in 1998, about one billion tons of trade was bound with ocean. All containers of different goods and oil tankers that cannot be transported by other mean of transportation so they are transported by the water passageway these heavy material are transported to the ports by land and then transported by ocean ways to the other countries of the world. (NATO supply is also carried out by the ocean way from U.S.A. a large part is transported to the army of NATO from Pakistan)

Eating Disorders And Gymnastics Essay examples -- Athletes Sports Pape

Eating Disorders And Gymnastics Eating disorders are especially common among athletes because the pressure of the sport environment frequently precipitates the onset of these problems. In this population, certain compulsive behaviors such as excessive exercise and restricted eating patterns are seen as acceptable, and pathogenic methods of weight control are often introduced. In addition, concern about body size and shape is increased because of the "social influence for thinness [from coaches and peers], anxiety about athletic performance, and negative self-appraisal of athletic achievement" (Williamson et al. 1995). Finally, the competitive nature of sports reinforces characteristics such as "perfectionism, high achievement motivation, obsessive behavior, control of physique, and attention to detail" (Ludwig 1996). Most successful athletes are more determined and more disciplined than the average individual. They often set very high goals for themselves and work extra hours each day to reach them. These same attr ibutes, however, can lead to eating disorders and are often found in anorexic and bulimic patients. Are certain types of sports more prone to develop eating disorders than others? Eating disorders are obviously found in all sports, but athletes participating in activities that emphasize leanness for performance and appearance are at a significantly greater risk. Thus, gymnasts, long-distance runners, divers, and figure skaters are more prone to developing eating disorders and related problems than those who compete in nonweight-restricting sports such as volleyball or football. Furthermore, disordered eating patterns are found more in female athletes than in males. In a NCAA survey of collegiate athl... ...utjesdyk, D., & Jevne, R. (1993). "Eating disorders among high performance athletes". Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 22, 271-281. 13. Sundgot-Borgen, J. (1994). "Risk and trigger factors for the development of eating disorders in female elite athletes". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 414-418. 14. "Ultra slim & fast" (1996). Psychology Today, 29, 17-18. 15. Vuori, Ilkka (1996). "Peak bone mass and physical activity: a short review". Nutrition Reviews, 54, S11-17. 16. Warren, B., Stanton, A., & Blessing, D. (1990). "Disordered eating patterns in competitive female athletes". International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9, 565- 569. 17. Williamson, D. et al. (1995). "Structural equation modeling of risk factors for the development of eating disorder symptoms in female athletes". International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17, 387-393.

Frostbite Chapter 11

Eleven LISSA WAS UP AND GONE before I even stirred the next morning, which meant I had the bathroom to myself while I got ready for the day. I loved that bathroom. It was enormous. My king-size bed would have fit comfortably inside it. A scalding shower with three different nozzles woke me up, though my muscles ached from yesterday. As I stood in front of the full-length mirror and combed my hair, I saw with some disappointment that the bruise was still there. It was significantly lighter, however, and had turned yellowish. Some concealer and powder almost entirely covered it up. I headed downstairs in search of food. The dining room was just shutting down breakfast, but one of the waitresses gave me a couple of peach marzipan scones to go. Munching on one as I walked, I expanded my senses to get a feel for where Lissa was. After a couple of moments, I sensed her on the other side of the lodge, away from the student rooms. I followed the trail until I arrived at a room on the third floor. I knocked. Christian opened the door. â€Å"Sleeping Beauty arrives. Welcome.† He ushered me inside. Lissa sat cross-legged on the room's bed and smiled when she saw me. The room was as sumptuous as mine, but most of the furniture had been shoved aside to make space, and in that open area, Tasha stood. â€Å"Good morning,† she said. â€Å"Hey,† I said. So much for avoiding her. Lissa patted a spot beside her. â€Å"You've got to see this.† â€Å"What's going on?† I sat down on the bed and finished the last of the scone. â€Å"Bad things,† she said mischievously. â€Å"You'll approve.† Christian walked over to the empty space and faced Tasha. They regarded each other, forgetting about Lissa and me. I'd apparently interrupted something. â€Å"So why can't I just stick with the consuming spell?† asked Christian. â€Å"Because it uses a lot of energy,† she told him. Even with jeans and a ponytail- and the scar- she managed to look ridiculously cute. â€Å"Plus, it'll most likely kill your opponent.† He scoffed. â€Å"Why wouldn't I want to kill a Strigoi?† â€Å"You might not always be fighting one. Or maybe you need information from them. Regardless, you should be prepared either way.† They were practicing offensive magic, I realized. Excitement and interest replaced the sullenness I'd acquired upon seeing Tasha. Lissa hadn't been kidding about them doing â€Å"bad things.† I'd always suspected they were practicing offensive magic, but†¦ wow. Thinking about it and actually seeing it were two very different things. Using magic as a weapon was forbidden. A punishable offense. A student experimenting with it might be forgiven and simply disciplined, but for an adult to actively be teaching a minor†¦yeah. That could get Tasha in major trouble. For half a second, I toyed with the idea of turning her in. Immediately, I dismissed the notion. I might hate her for making moves on Dimitri, but part of me sort of believed in what she and Christian were doing. Plus, it was just cool. â€Å"A distracting spell is almost as useful,† she continued. Her blue eyes took on the intense focus I often saw Moroi get while using magic. Her wrist flicked forward, and a streak of fire snaked past Christian's face. It didn't touch him, but from the way he flinched, I suspected it had been close enough for him to feel the heat. â€Å"Try it,† she told him. Christian hesitated for only a moment and then made the same hand motion she had. Fire streaked out, but it had none of the finely tuned control hers had had. He also didn't have her aim. It went straight for her face, but before it could touch her, it parted and split around her, almost like it had hit an invisible shield. She'd deflected it with her own magic. â€Å"Not bad- aside from the fact you would have burned my face off.† Even I wouldn't want her face burned off. But her hair†¦ah, yes. We'd see how pretty she was without that raven-black mane. She and Christian practiced a while longer. He improved as time went by, though he clearly had a ways to go before he had Tasha's skill. My interest grew and grew as they went on, and I found myself pondering all the possibilities this kind of magic could offer. They wrapped up their lesson when Tasha said she had to go. Christian sighed, clearly frustrated that he hadn't been able to master the spell in an hour. His competitive nature was almost as strong as mine. â€Å"I still think it'd be easier to just burn them entirely,† he argued. Tasha smiled as she brushed her hair into a tighter ponytail. Yeah. She could definitely do without that hair, particularly since I knew how much Dimitri liked long hair. â€Å"Easier because it involves less focus. It's sloppy. Your magic'll be stronger in the long run if you can learn this. And, like I said, it has its uses.† I didn't want to agree with her, but I couldn't help it. â€Å"It could be really useful if you were fighting with a guardian,† I said excitedly. â€Å"Especially if completely burning a Strigoi takes so much energy. This way, you use just a quick burst of your strength to distract the Strigoi. And it will distract one since they hate fire so much. Then that's all the time a guardian would need to stake them. You could take down a whole bunch of Strigoi that way.† Tasha grinned at me. Some Moroi- like Lissa and Adrian- smiled without showing their teeth. Tasha always showed hers, including the fangs. â€Å"Exactly. You and I'll have to go Strigoi hunting someday,† she teased. â€Å"I don't think so,† I replied. The words in and of themselves weren't that bad, but the tone I used to deliver them certainly was. Cold. Unfriendly. Tasha looked momentarily surprised at my abrupt change in attitude but shrugged it off. Shock from Lissa traveled to me through the bond. Tasha didn't seem bothered, however. She chatted with us a bit longer and made plans to see Christian for dinner. Lissa gave me a sharp look as she, Christian, and I walked down the elaborate spiral staircase leading back down to the lobby. â€Å"What was that about?† she asked. â€Å"What was what about?† I asked innocently. â€Å"Rose,† she said meaningfully. It was hard to play dumb when your friend knew you could read her mind. I knew exactly what she was talking about. â€Å"You being a bitch to Tasha.† â€Å"I wasn't that much of a bitch.† â€Å"You were rude,† she exclaimed, stepping out of the way of a bunch of Moroi children who came tearing through the lobby. They were bundled up in parkas, and a weary-looking Moroi ski instructor followed them. I put my hands on my hips. â€Å"Look, I'm just grumpy, okay? Didn't get much sleep. Besides, I'm not like you. I don't have to be polite all the time.† As happened so often lately, I couldn't believe what I'd just said. Lissa stared at me, more astonished than hurt. Christian glowered, on the verge of snapping back at me, when Mason mercifully approached us. He hadn't needed a cast or anything, but he had a slight limp to his walk. â€Å"Hey there, Hop-Along,† I said, sliding my hand into his. Christian put his anger for me on hold and turned to Mason. â€Å"Is it true your suicidal moves finally caught up with you?† Mason's eyes were on me. â€Å"Is it true you were hanging out with Adrian Ivashkov?† â€Å"I- what?† â€Å"I heard you guys got drunk last night.† â€Å"You did?† asked Lissa, startled. I looked between both their faces. â€Å"No, of course not! I barely know him.† â€Å"But you do know him,† pushed Mason. â€Å"Barely.† â€Å"He's got a bad reputation,† warned Lissa. â€Å"Yeah,† said Christian. â€Å"He goes through a lot of girls.† I couldn't believe this. â€Å"Will you guys lay off? I talked to him for, like, five minutes! And that's only because he was blocking my way inside. Where are you getting all this?† Immediately, I answered my own question. â€Å"Mia.† Mason nodded and had the grace to look embarrassed. â€Å"Since when do you talk to her?† I asked. â€Å"I just ran into her, that's all,† he told me. â€Å"And you believed her? You know she lies half the time.† â€Å"Yeah, but there's usually some truth in the lies. And you did talk to him.† â€Å"Yes. Talk. That's it.† I really had been trying to give some serious thought about dating Mason, so I didn't appreciate him not believing me. He had actually helped me unravel Mia's lies earlier in the school year, so I was surprised he'd be so paranoid about them now. Maybe if his feelings really had grown for me, he was more susceptible to jealousy. Surprisingly, it was Christian who came to the rescue and changed the subject. â€Å"I suppose there's no skiing today, huh?† He pointed to Mason's ankle, immediately triggering an indignant response. â€Å"What, you think this is going to slow me down?† asked Mason. His anger diminished, replaced by that burning need to prove himself- the need he and I both shared. Lissa and Christian looked at him like he was crazy, but I knew nothing we said would stop him. â€Å"You guys want to come with us?† I asked Lissa and Christian. Lissa shook her head. â€Å"We can't. We have to go to this luncheon being hosted by the Contas.† Christian groaned. â€Å"Well, you have to go.† She elbowed him. â€Å"So do you. The invitation said I get to bring a guest. Besides, this is just a warm-up for the big one.† â€Å"Which one is that?† asked Mason. â€Å"Priscilla Voda's huge dinner,† sighed Christian. Seeing him look so pained made me smile. â€Å"The queen's best friend. All the snobbiest royals will be there, and I'll have to wear a suit.† Mason flashed me a grin. His earlier antagonism was gone. â€Å"Skiing's sounding better and better, huh? Less of a dress code.† We left the Moroi behind and went outside. Mason couldn't compete with me in the same way he had yesterday; his movements were slow and awkward. Still, he did remarkably well when one considered everything. The injury wasn't as bad as we'd feared, but he had the prudence to stick to extremely easy runs. The full moon hung in the blankness, a glowing sphere of silvery white. The electric lights overpowered most of its illumination on the ground, but here and there, in the shadows, the moon just barely managed to cast its glow. I wished it were bright enough to reveal the surrounding mountain range, but those peaks stayed shrouded in darkness. I'd forgotten to look at them when it was light out earlier. The runs were super simple for me, but I stayed with Mason and only occasionally teased him about how his remedial skiing was putting me to sleep. Boring runs or no, it was just nice to be outside with my friends, and the activity stirred my blood enough to warm me against the chill air. The light posts lit up the snow, turning it into a vast sea of white, the flakes' crystals sparkling faintly. And if I managed to turn away and block the lights from my field of vision, I could look up and see the stars spilling over the sky. They stood out stark and crystalline in the clear, freezing air. We stayed out for most of the day again, but this time, I called it quits early, pretending to be tired so Mason could get a break. He might manage easy skiing with his tender ankle, but I could tell it was starting to hurt him. Mason and I headed back toward the lodge walking very close to each other, laughing about something we'd seen earlier. Suddenly, I saw a streak of white in my peripheral vision, and a snowball smashed into Mason's face. I immediately went on the defensive, jerking backward and peering around. Whoops and cries sounded from an area of the resort grounds that held storage sheds and was interspersed with looming pines. â€Å"Too slow, Ashford,† someone called. â€Å"Doesn't pay to be in love.† More laughs. Mason's best friend, Eddie Castile, and a few other novices from school materialized from behind a cluster of trees. Beyond them, I heard more shouts. â€Å"We'll still take you in, though, if you want to be on our team,† said Eddie. â€Å"Even if you do dodge like a girl.† â€Å"Team?† I asked excitedly. Back at the Academy, throwing snowballs was strictly prohibited. School officials were inexplicably afraid that we'd throw snowballs packed with glass shards or razor blades, though I had no clue how they thought we'd get a hold of that kind of stuff in the first place. Not that a snowball fight was that rebellious, but after all the stress I'd been through recently, throwing objects at other people suddenly sounded like the best idea I'd heard in a while. Mason and I dashed off with the others, the prospect of forbidden fighting giving him new energy and causing him to forget the pain in his ankle. We set to the fight with a die-hard zeal. The fight soon became a matter of nailing as many people as possible while dodging attacks from others. I was exceptional at both and furthered the immaturity by catcalling and shouting silly insults at my victims. By the time someone noticed what we were doing and yelled at us, we were all laughing and covered with snow. Mason and I once again started back for the lodge, and our mood was so high, I knew the Adrian thing was long forgotten. Indeed, Mason looked at me just before we went inside. â€Å"Sorry I, uh, jumped all over you about Adrian earlier.† I squeezed his hand. â€Å"It's okay. I know Mia can tell some pretty convincing stories.† â€Å"Yeah†¦but even if you were with him†¦it's not like I have any right†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I stared at him, surprised to see his usual brash countenance turn shy. â€Å"Don't you?† I asked. A smile turned up his lips. â€Å"Do I?† Smiling back, I stepped forward and kissed him. His lips felt amazingly warm in the freezing air. It wasn't like the earth-shattering kiss I'd had with Dimitri before the trip, but it was sweet and nice- a friendly sort of kiss that maybe could turn into more. At least, that was how I saw it. From the look on Mason's face, it appeared his whole world had been rocked. â€Å"Wow,† he said, eyes wide. The moonlight made his eyes look silvery blue. â€Å"You see?† I said. â€Å"Nothing to worry about. Not Adrian, not anybody.† We kissed again- a bit longer this time- before finally dragging ourselves apart. Mason was clearly in a better mood, as well as he should have been, and I dropped into bed with a smile on my face. I wasn't technically sure if Mason and I were a couple now, but we were very close to it. But when I slept, I dreamed about Adrian Ivashkov. I stood with him on the porch again, only it was summer. The air was balmy and warm, and the sun hung bright in the sky, coating everything in golden light. I hadn't been in this much sun since living among humans. All around, the mountains and valleys were green and alive. Birds sang everywhere. Adrian leaned against the porch's railing, glanced over, and did a double-take when he saw me. â€Å"Oh. Didn't expect to see you here.† He smiled. â€Å"I was right. You are devastating when you're cleaned up.† Instinctively, I touched the skin around my eye. â€Å"It's gone,† he said. Even without being able to see it, I somehow knew he was right. â€Å"You aren't smoking.† â€Å"Bad habit,† he said. He nodded toward me. â€Å"You scared? You're wearing a lot of protection.† I frowned, then looked down. I hadn't noticed my clothing. I wore a pair of embroidered jeans I'd seen once but had been unable to afford. My T-shirt was cropped, showing off my stomach, and I wore a belly-button ring. I'd always wanted to get my belly button pierced but had never been able to afford it. The charm I now wore here was a little silver dangly one, and hanging at the end of it was that weird blue eye pendant my mom had given me. Lissa's chotki was wound around my wrist. I looked back up at Adrian, studying the way the sun shone off his brown hair. Here, in full daylight, I could see that his eyes were indeed green- a deep emerald as opposed to Lissa's pale jade. Something startling suddenly occurred to me. â€Å"Doesn't all this sun bother you?† He gave a lazy shrug. â€Å"Nah. It's my dream.† â€Å"No, it's my dream.† â€Å"Are you sure?† His smile returned. I felt confused. â€Å"I†¦ I don't know.† He chuckled, but a moment later, the laugher faded. For the first time since I'd met him, he looked serious. â€Å"Why do you have so much darkness around you?† I frowned. â€Å"What?† â€Å"You're surrounded in blackness.† His eyes studied me shrewdly, but not in a checking-me-out sort of way. â€Å"I've never seen anyone like you. Shadows everywhere. I never would have guessed it. Even while you're standing here, the shadows keep growing.† I looked down at my hands but saw nothing out of the ordinary. I glanced back up. â€Å"I'm shadow-kissed†¦.† â€Å"What's that mean?† â€Å"I died once.† I'd never talked to anyone other than Lissa and Victor Dashkov about that, but this was a dream. It didn't matter. â€Å"And I came back.† Wonder lit his face. â€Å"Ah, interesting†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I woke up. Someone was shaking me. It was Lissa. Her feelings hit me so hard through the bond that I briefly snapped into her mind and found myself looking at me. â€Å"Weird† didn't begin to cover it. I pulled back into myself, trying to sift through the terror and alarm coming from her. â€Å"What's wrong?† â€Å"There's been another Strigoi attack.†

Major Forces Shaping the U.S. Economy Essay

Three issues will shape the economy’s performance the next 18 months. To what extent will consumer spending slow? What is the outlook for business expenditures? Will the Federal Reserve go too far in raising rates? Commentators and pundits are prone to say that consumers are â€Å"in great shape,† |†still going strong,† â€Å"resilient,† and so on. While it is easy to get caught up in this optimism, there is a need to focus more on the finances that underlie this spending. On a basic analysis, it will quickly become apparent that household finances are stretched to the point where slowdown can be expected, perhaps a significant slowdown, in consumer spending the next 6-12 months. Some of the reasons behind such a possibility are: Interest Rates: With the overall cost of credit rising since 2004, Americans with large outstanding balances on their credit cards, home equity loans, and adjustable rate mortgages are starting to feel the pinch. The Explosion in Household Debt. For years, Americans have been spending far more than what they have been earning. With borrowing costs historically low and home equity values increasing, consumers piled up on debt to finance a level of consumption that far exceeded their income growth. In the last five years, Americans have increased their total outstanding debt by $5 trillion. (To put that number in context, corporate sector debt jumped by about $1 trillion in that time frame, while federal government debt rose by $1. 3 trillion). That $5 trillion in additional liabilities brought total outstanding household debt to a record $11. 8 trillion. Servicing this massive liability was certainly easier when interest rates were low. But after a steady rally of rising rates, the burden of carrying those IOUs has now gotten much harder. Gasoline Costs. In addition to servicing that huge debt, Americans will need to part with more money for gasoline in coming months. A few other reasons on this line are: Rising Healthcare Costs Marginal Growth in Real Income Tougher Personal Bankruptcy Laws A Boost to Savings because of Rising Interest Rates The cumulative effects of these factors will depress consumer spending the second half of the year and probably through the first half of 2007. What is the Outlook for Business Expenditures: Since consumer outlays make up 70% of all U. S. economic activity, the expected slowdown in household spending will have a palpable impact on the economy. Fortunately, what will keep the economy out of any serious trouble is business spending. Driving capital expenditures this year will be strong profits, high capacity utilization rates, strong foreign demand for U. S. products, global competitive pressures, and that the cost of capital remains relatively low. Will the Federal Reserve Go Too Far in Raising Rates: So long as the Fed does not go too far in raising rates, a level that can be defined as above 5. 50%, the threat of recession is nil this year and next. Led by weaker consumer spending a softer housing market, U. S. economic activity can slow markedly in the second half of 2006 and last through the first half of 2007. However, strong business expenditures and a pick up in exports will keep the economy out of any serious trouble. Of course, should the economy suddenly be sideswiped by a serious external shock, the threat of recession becomes more real. The severity and timing of the downturn will depend on the nature of the shock. While there are numerous risks that bear close watching — such as the war in Iraq, the Israeli-Palestinian talks, North Korea, 2006 hurricane season, Venezuela, Nigeria —the threats that have the greatest probability of materializing involve Iran, a terrorist strike on Saudi oil facilities, and an Avian flu human pandemic (Baumohl).

Package essays

Package essays Today, products competition of the international market has many elements. Product price, quality, and package design are the three main elements. On the road to the market, good package design is an important strategy. The effect of an excellent Package to increase the product sale is not less powerful than a commercial. The prerequisite for a product are first tally with the criterion, and second attractive to customers. The excellent package must have a brand name which is easy to read and remember; have an eye-catching style to attract the customers when they were walking by shelves, and they will have the impulse to pick it up; have a simply and well-written description in order to express the product features; have to embody the prestige of the product to enhance customers trust; have particular colors to attract different consumers; have to concern about the environmental protection. Use paper, glass or recyclable package to replace the plastic package. The package that I select is from Missys Home Style Cheese Cake. Its a new product. They package of this cheesecake is different from others. Here is how this package fulfills the six basic packaging functions: containment and protection, usage, communication, segmentation, channel cooperation, and new-product planning. First one is the containment and protection function, Missys Home Style Cheesecake use recyclable plastic container and plastic transparent cover to store, and its vacuum. The container is also hard to break. They also use the cardboard box to pack again. The size of the two packages is similar to protect the cheesecake, and it because they will not strike each other. The sealing up of the plastic container and the cardboard box also make it secure to purchase. Second function is the usage. The net weight of Missys Home Style Cheesecake is only 3 ounce. The size of the cheesecake is small. It is designed as a snack. The s...

Post-occupancy evaluating of low income housing in the Kingdom of Dissertation

Post-occupancy evaluating of low income housing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example 13 Pictures(3) Showsthe region of Ha’il, with the pleased of the project. 13 Pictures(4) Site plan of the Al-Ghazalah project 13 Pictures(5) Site plan of the Al-Ghazalah project 15 Pictures(6) Ground floor plan 15 Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Low Income Housing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Chapter 1 Introduction Housing demand is one of the most important issues and challenges that face developing and developed countries (Al-klyfh, 2009). These countries have tried to solve their housing demands with different policies. Some policies and proposals have met the needs of different levels of society. One of these economic classes is called the low income group that encompass some Saudi Arabian people with low annual income. To address the issue on housing income, the government tried to establish residential complexes, an introductory concept and still under trial. This paper will focus on low income housing post occupancy evaluation as the main issue. The housing policy will b e assessed using the post-occupancy evaluation method (POE). However, before investigating the Saudi Arabian policy, it is important to investigate the different international policies for low income housing. 1.1. International policies for low income housing Many institutions, international agencies and local communities around the world have for many years now addressed poverty, increase standards of living,as well as provide adequate shelter for the poor (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, 1987).These UN programs were allocated in 155 countries and have established national centres that work directly with various local government agencies (Tiesdell, 2004). Important processes that have been followed are: a. Secure possession of the land. b. Provide public facilities and services. c. Finance low-cost housing d. Provision of construction materials. e. Community participation. f. Cooperation with the private sector and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (Tiesdell, 2004) . A review of socio-economic policies indicates that there is a growing interest in the issue of housing for the poor by civil society organizations and governments of many countries. A limited review on Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom low cost housing will be included due to time constraints. 1.1.1. Affordable Housing in the UK Housing policies in Britain has local planning authorities mandate developers of housing projects to provide a certain percentage of affordable housing for low income groups (Tiesdell, 2004). The two aims are as follows: a. Social: sustain a mixed community in terms of income and social level and reduce illegal settlements that lack basic services b. Economic: shoulder part of the burden of financing in order to allow beneficiaries provided with lower prices than the market price or rent housing (social security) at less than the prevailing costs. UK housing, however, did not meet stated objectives, such as acceptance from high-income and middle classes due to preference

M essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

M - Essay Example Second, the American government did not exactly stop China from controlling Chinese Americans in the U.S. The U.S. did not protect Chinese Americans in Americans soil because it continued to see the latter as suspicious illegal aliens, even after World War II. Furthermore, the U.S. government did not take positive actions to create equal conditions for Chinese Americans. It practiced racial profiling as a means of cleansing the U.S. of suspected communist Chinese Americans. This statement, â€Å"Chinese in the United States were subjected to a highly institutionalized structure of dual domination?† means that Chinese Americans had two lords in the U.S. - the U.S. government and the Chinese government. Both governments subjected Chinese Americans to racial oppression and exclusion, as already explained in the first paragraph. World War II did little to ease racism and oppression against Chinese Americans. Although President Roosevelt compelled the U.S. Congress in 1943 to repea l the Chinese exclusion laws, he did so because it was an essential military strategy. He also replaced it with a less stringent exclusionary law through the immigration quota system. During the Cold War, instead of improving the rights and liberties of Chinese Americans, the U.S. ... 2. The effect on the atomic bombs on Japan and its economy is that, at first, the Japanese got angry at their military leaders, and many accepted that their nation should never launch another war, while the Japanese economy severely suffered initially because of lost jobs and the destruction of cities during the atomic bombing. First, after the atomic bombing, the Japanese remarkably felt more resentment for their military forces than the U.S. government. They did not harbor any racist feelings against the U.S., although some resentment developed during the opportunist actions of the U.S. toward Japan when the Cold War started. Second, the atomic bomb negatively affected the economy of Japan, where the unemployed reached 13 million and demobilized Japanese soldiers became beggars. The Japanese persevered by working closely with the Allied forces in forming a new government structure and new policies that affected its way of life. For instance, a new constitution was ratified in 1946, which guided the Japanese government toward a more democratic era. The Japanese constitution in 1946 laid out the preservation of the emperor as the symbol of unity of the people and renunciation of future wars. By preserving the Emperor, the Japanese were able to hold on their ancient cultural symbols, which helped them persevere during these trying times. The Japanese people received greater democracy in how members of the government were selected and removed too. Furthermore, changes in agrarian and labor laws improved satisfaction among peasants and workers. These changes enabled many farmers to own their own lands, while workers were allowed to form and participate in trade unions. By 1970, Japan became a world power despite the obstacles because of the combination of